Hard Questions From Students Across Europe 歐洲教師很難向學生解釋俄烏戰爭


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讀紐時學英文
2022/05/13 第382期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 Hard Questions From Students Across Europe 歐洲教師很難向學生解釋俄烏戰爭
A Gathering Will Explore Literary Rebukes to Turmoil and Brutality 探索戰亂年代的文學角色
紐時周報精選
 
Hard Questions From Students Across Europe 歐洲教師很難向學生解釋俄烏戰爭
文/Emma Bubola
譯/李京倫

歐洲教師很難向學生解釋俄烏戰爭

As they returned from playing tag at recess on a recent sunny morning, the red-cheeked children had lots of questions.

最近一個陽光明媚的早晨,一群孩子在下課時間玩完鬼抓人的遊戲回來,臉頰紅通通的他們問了許多問題。

"Russia is big enough; why does he want more land?" Max, 11, his eyes on an atlas, asked his teacher about President Vladimir Putin of Russia.

11歲的麥克斯盯著一本地圖集,問他的老師關於俄國總統普亭的問題:「俄國夠大了,為什麼他還想要更多土地?」

Jessica, 11, stood with a knee on her chair. "Why are most crazy people men?" she wondered.

11歲的潔西卡站著,把一隻腳的膝蓋放在她的椅子上,疑惑地說:「為什麼大多數瘋子都是男的?」

Issy, 11, turned to the teacher: "Would you stay and fight for your country?"

11歲的伊西轉身問老師:「你會留下來為國作戰嗎?」

Tara Harmer, a teacher of 36 years, paused to think. "It's a difficult one, isn't it?" she said in her elementary school classroom in Horsham, a town in southern England. "My instinct would be to protect you," she reasoned. "Yes, I think I would fight for my country."

執教36年的老師塔拉.哈默停下來想了想。她在英國英格蘭南部霍舍姆鎮一個小學班級裡邊思考邊說:「這個問題很難,對吧?我的本能是要保護你們。對,我想我會為國家戰鬥。」

As Europeans have grappled with the shock of facing a war on their doorstep and a frenzied news cycle, many teachers have had little time to process what was happening; they had to provide answers, and fast.

歐洲人設法應付戰爭發生在家門口的震驚和瘋狂的新聞播送之際,許多教師幾乎沒時間消化正在發生的事,他們必須提供答案,而且要快。

"I have had 100 questions," said Sandro Pellicciotta, who teaches geography at a high school in the northern Italian city of Bologna. "And to be honest, I am quite afraid of saying some nonsense."

在義大利北部波隆納市一所高中教地理的桑德羅.佩利喬塔說:「我被問了100個問題,老實說,我很怕說出一些不知所云的話。」

Schoolchildren today were born long after the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s, and some were toddlers when the war in Syria was at its height. No conflict they are old enough to remember has been so widely displayed on their TikTok feeds as the war in Ukraine, or so close to home.

現今的學童在1990年代巴爾幹衝突過後很久才出生,其中有些人在敘利亞戰爭高峰期還是學步的幼兒。沒有一場他們年長到能記住的衝突像烏克蘭戰爭一樣,如此廣泛地展示在他們的TikTok動態消息中,或離家這麼近。

The distance between their world and that of geopolitics has telescoped, and teachers have struggled to assuage fears that this war might affect them all. After two years of a pandemic, they also say the war has undermined their efforts to convince children that the world is not a hostile place.

他們的世界和地緣政治學世界的距離縮短了,而老師極力平息學生關於這場戰爭可能影響他們所有人的恐懼。在疫情肆虐兩年後,教師也說,他們想說服兒童這個世界並非不友善的地方,這場戰爭削弱了這項努力。

Teachers across Europe described the challenges they were facing in the classroom and the questions they had been asked.

歐洲各地的老師描述了他們在課堂裡面臨的挑戰和他們被問過的問題。

Governments around Europe have acknowledged the challenges that the war in Ukraine poses for teachers and have drafted guidelines for them.

歐洲各處的政府承認烏克蘭戰爭對老師構成挑戰,已為教師草擬指導原則。

In France, the government said teachers should explain the common history of Russia and Ukraine, but make clear that it "does not substantiate the thesis that Ukraine, a sovereign state, does not have the right to independence." According to the guidelines, teachers should also not insist on discussing the war if students are reluctant to do so.

在法國,政府表示教師應解釋俄國與烏克蘭的共同歷史,但要表明這段歷史「不能證明主權國家烏克蘭無權獨立的論點為真」。根據指導原則,如果學生不願討論這場戰爭,教師也不該堅持這樣做。

 
A Gathering Will Explore Literary Rebukes to Turmoil and Brutality 探索戰亂年代的文學角色
文/Alexandra Alter
譯/陳韋廷

探索戰亂年代的文學角色

In 1939, American journalist Dorothy Thompson, who was expelled from Germany after reporting on the rise of the Nazi movement, convened an emergency summit of writers in response to the violence unfolding in Europe. As the leader of PEN America, a literary and free speech organization, Thompson called on writers to unite against fascism and threats to free expression. The event drew 500 writers from 30 countries.

1939年,因報導納粹運動崛起而遭德國驅逐的美國記者多蘿西.湯普森召開一場作家緊急峰會,以回應歐洲發生的暴力事件。身為文學和言論自由組織美國筆會的領袖,湯普森呼籲作家們團結反對法西斯主義以及對言論自由的威脅。這次活動吸引來自30國共500位作家。

"In much of the world today the word itself has been made captive,"Thompson told the assembled writers. "Those who would free it do so at the risk of their lives."

湯普森告訴與會作家們說:「在當今世界許多地方,文字本身已遭俘虜。那些想要將其釋放的人是在冒生命危險。」

This spring, in response to the war in Ukraine, PEN America is holding another "Emergency World Voices Congress of Writers" inspired by that first gathering to explore how literature and literary figures can help bridge geographic and cultural rifts, encourage dialogue and protect free speech in times of turmoil and brutality.

今年春季,因應烏克蘭戰爭,美國筆會將舉辦另一場「世界作家之聲緊急大會」,這次聚會受到上述第一次聚會啟發,將探討文學以及文學人物如何幫助彌合地理和文化裂痕,鼓勵對話並在動盪時代保護言論自由。

The emergency summit — which is expected to include more than 100 writers, among them Salman Rushdie, Gary Shteyngart, Ayad Akhtar and Jennifer Egan — is part of PEN's annual World Voices Festival, a series of literary events scheduled to take place May 11-14 in New York City and Los Angeles.

這場緊急峰會預計將有魯西迪、史廷加爾、阿亞德.阿赫塔及珍妮佛.伊根在內逾百位作家與會,是美國筆會一年一度「世界之聲文藝節」的一部分,定於5月11日至14日在紐約和洛杉磯舉辦的一系列文學活動。

"In this moment of chaos and violence, we can address what the role of the writer is, as we face down the rise of authoritarianism, disinformation run amok, social fissures that are widening here in this country, and a surge in book banning and threats against free speech," Suzanne Nossel, chief executive of PEN America, said.

美國筆會執行長蘇珊娜.諾塞爾說:「在此混亂與暴力的時刻,我們可以處理作家的角色是什麼,因我們面對威權主義興起、假消息肆虐、這個國家正在擴大的社會裂痕,以及遭禁書籍激增和對言論自由的威脅。」

On the same day as the summit, Ukrainian novelist Andrey Kurkov, who is the president of PEN Ukraine and has been documenting the grim toll of Russia's invasion, will deliver a speech that will address threats to democracy and free expression.

峰會舉行同一天,烏克蘭筆會主席暨小說家克考夫將發表演說,討論民主和自由表達所面臨的威脅。他一直在記錄俄羅斯入侵造成的可怕損失。

The World Voices Festival was created in 2005 with the aim of fostering dialogue among authors from around the world to counter isolationism and xenophobia in the United States after the Sept. 11 attacks.

世界之聲文藝節創立於2005年,目的是促進來自世界各地作家的對話,以對抗911恐攻事件後美國的孤立主義與仇外心理。

In the years since, the annual event has drawn hundreds of international and American authors to discuss themes such as gender and power, political unrest and resistance, and threats to privacy and free speech.

從那之後數年裡,這個年度活動吸引數以百計的國際與美國作家,討論諸如性別和權力、政治動盪和抵抗,以及隱私和言論自由遭威脅等主題。

 
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