To Appease U.S. Officials, Mexico Is Pushing Migrants Back South 為了討好美國 墨西哥正把移民推回南部


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2024/07/12 第493期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 To Appease U.S. Officials, Mexico Is Pushing Migrants Back South 為了討好美國 墨西哥正把移民推回南部
Some AI Companies Face a New Accusation: 'Openwashing' 有些AI公司面臨新指控 遭控「洗白式開放」
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To Appease U.S. Officials, Mexico Is Pushing Migrants Back South 為了討好美國 墨西哥正把移民推回南部
文/Simon Romero and Paulina Vil
譯/周辰陽

為了討好美國 墨西哥正把移民推回南部

The buses rumble into town day and night, dumping migrants in a city many didn't even know existed.

巴士日夜不停隆隆作響開進小鎮,將移民扔在個許多人甚至不知道存在的城市。

But instead of landing closer to the U.S. border, they are being hauled roughly 1,000 miles in the opposite direction — deep into southern Mexico in a shadowy program meant to appease the Biden administration and ship migrants far from the United States.

但巴士不是將人載往美國邊界,而是背道而馳1000英里,深入墨西哥南部,這是一個鮮為人知的計畫,目的是將移民大老遠地從美國運到墨西哥,安撫拜登政府。

Mexican authorities rarely publicly acknowledge the busing program.

墨西哥當局很少公開承認這個用巴士運人的計畫。

Yet the program is exposing the chasm between the Mexican government's rhetoric promoting a humanitarian approach to migration, and the country's role as a heavy-handed enforcer of U.S. border objectives, leaving many migrant families stranded to fend for themselves.

然而,這個計畫正在揭露墨西哥政府發揚對移民採取人道做法的辭令,以及該國作為美國邊境目標嚴厲執法者角色之間的鴻溝,丟下許多移民家庭陷於困境、自謀生路。

"I asked the agents, 'How can you treat us like dirt?'" said Rosa Guamán, 29, from Ecuador. She was detained with her husband and two children by migration agents in April near the border city of Piedras Negras. Nobody told them they were being taken to Villahermosa, in southeastern Mexico, until they were well on their way.

29歲的羅莎.瓜曼來自厄瓜多,說「我問幹員們,『你們怎麼能不把我們當人看?』」。她在4月跟丈夫與2個孩子一起,在邊境城市彼德拉斯內格拉斯附近,被移民幹員拘留。沒人告訴他們,他們正被送往墨西哥東南部的比亞埃爾莫薩,直到他們已經上路。

At an overcrowded shelter in Villahermosa, she described the ride as the most dispiriting part of a monthslong journey that included trekking across swaths of jungle, threats of sexual assault and bribing Mexican officials with the hope of getting to New Jersey.

在比亞埃爾莫薩一處人滿為患的庇護所,她把這趟旅行說成長達數月的行程中,最令人沮喪的一段,包括跋涉穿過大片的叢林、性侵的威脅,以及抱著前往新澤西州的希望賄賂墨西哥官員。

"We're starting over from zero," Guamán said.

瓜曼說,「我們正從零重新開始」。

Mexico's National Migration Institute declined to comment. Officials there sometimes frame the detention and transfers of migrants in humanitarian jargon as "rescues" or "dissuasion" aimed at easing conditions in dangerous, overcrowded areas.

墨西哥國家移民局拒絕發表意見,該局官員有時以人道行話,將移民的拘留和轉移界定為「救援」或「勸阻」,意欲緩解危險、人滿為患區域的情況。

But the busing program is anything but humanitarian, according to immigration lawyers, rights groups and shelter operators in Mexico. The rules for busing migrants south of the border are often cloaked in obscurity — or publicly ignored by authorities.

但,墨西哥的移民律師、人權組織跟庇護所經營者表示,這個巴士運人計畫根本不人道。用巴士運送邊境以南移民的法規往往以晦澀掩蓋,或者遭當局公然忽視。

In December, migrant encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border exploded to their highest level on record. Secretary of State Antony Blinken flew to Mexico City for emergency talks aimed at pressing Mexico's government to do more to curb migration.

去年12月,美國和墨西哥邊境的移民衝突激增至正式紀錄的最高程度。國務卿安東尼.布林肯飛往墨西哥市舉行緊急會談,旨在催促墨西哥政府採取更多措施以遏止移民。

Almost immediately after, charter flights and buses started dropping large numbers of people in Villahermosa.

幾乎緊接之後,包租航班和巴士開始在比亞埃爾莫薩拋下大量的人。

A senior White House official who was not authorized to speak publicly said the United States does not dictate what measures Mexico should take to curb migration.

一位未獲授權公開發言的資深白宮官員表示,美國並未指定墨西哥應該採用什麼樣的措施來遏止移民。

 

 
Some AI Companies Face a New Accusation: 'Openwashing' 有些AI公司面臨新指控 遭控「洗白式開放」
文/Sarah Kessler
譯/羅方妤

有些AI公司面臨新指控 遭控「洗白式開放」

There's a big debate in the tech world over whether artificial intelligence models should be "open source". Elon Musk, who helped found OpenAI in 2015, sued the startup and its CEO, Sam Altman, on claims that the company had diverged from its mission of openness. The Biden administration is investigating the risks and benefits of open source models.

關於人工智慧模型是否應該「開放原始碼」,科技界存在著一場大規模爭論。2015年協助創立OpenAI的馬斯克,對這間新創公司和其執行長奧特曼提起訴訟,聲稱該公司偏離其開放的使命。拜登政府正調查開源模型帶來的風險和益處。

Proponents of open source AI models say they're more equitable and safer for society, while detractors say they are more likely to be abused for malicious intent. One big hiccup in the debate? There's no agreed-upon definition of what open source AI actually means. And some are accusing AI companies of "openwashing" — using the "open source" term disingenuously to make themselves look good. (Accusations of openwashing have previously been aimed at coding projects that used the open source label too loosely.)

開源人工智慧模型提倡者表示,它們對社會而言更公平且更安全,而批評者表示,它們更可能被惡意濫用。但這場辯論會不會有個大問題?關於開源人工智慧的實際意義,目前尚未有一致定義。而且有些人指控人工智慧公司「漂開」(洗白式開放),不誠實地使用「開放原始碼」一詞,讓他們的形象看起來好一點。(關於漂開的指控,先前主要針對過於寬鬆地使用開放原始碼標籤的程式編碼專案)

In a blog post on Open Future, a European think tank supporting open sourcing, Alek Tarkowski wrote, "As the rules get written, one challenge is building sufficient guardrails against corporations' attempts at 'openwashing'." Last month the Linux Foundation, a nonprofit that supports open-source software projects, cautioned that "this 'openwashing' trend threatens to undermine the very premise of openness — the free sharing of knowledge to enable inspection, replication and collective advancement."

在支持開放原始碼的歐洲智庫「開啟未來」部落格貼文中,塔科沃斯基寫道:「隨著規範被制定,一個挑戰是建立充足的護欄防止企業嘗試『洗白式開放』。」支持開源軟體專案的非營利組織Linux基金會上月提醒,「這種『洗白式開放』趨勢可能破壞開放的前提,即自由分享知識以實現檢視、複製和集體進步」。

Organizations that apply the label to their models may be taking very different approaches to openness. For example, OpenAI, the startup that launched the ChatGPT chatbot in 2022, discloses little about its models (despite the company's name). Meta labels its LLaMA 2 and LLaMA 3 models as open source but puts restrictions on their use. The most open models, run mainly by nonprofits, disclose the source code and underlying training data, and use an open source license that allows for wide reuse. But even with these models, there are obstacles to others being able to replicate them.

將這個標籤應用在其模型的組織,可能會採取截然不同的方式開放。例如,在2022年發表了聊天機器人ChatGPT的OpenAI,幾乎沒有公開其模型(儘管其公司名稱)。Meta將其LLaMA 2和LLaMA 3標記為開放原始碼,但限制其使用。最開放的模型主要由非營利組織運行,會公布原始碼和作為基礎的訓練數據,並使用允許廣泛重複使用的開放原始碼授權。但即使有這些模型,其他人複製它們時還是有障礙。

The main reason is that while open source software allows anyone to replicate or modify it, building an AI model requires much more than code. Only a handful of companies can fund the computing power and data curation required. That's why some experts say labeling any AI as "open source" is at best misleading and at worst a marketing tool.

主因是儘管開源軟體允許任何複製和修改,但建立人工智慧模型需要的不僅是程式碼。只有一些公司能為所需的算力和資料應用提供資金。這就是為何有些專家說,將任何人工智慧貼上「開放原始碼」標籤,往好的狀況看是種誤導,往壞的狀況看是種行銷工具。

Efforts to create a clearer definition for open source AI are underway.

創建開源人工智慧更清楚定義的努力正在進行。

 
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