After Autocrat Falls, Kazakhs Hunger for Change 獨裁者垮台後 哈薩克民心思變


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2022/03/18 第374期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 After Autocrat Falls, Kazakhs Hunger for Change 獨裁者垮台後 哈薩克民心思變
How a Nostalgic Novel About Spain's Heartland Joined the Political Fray 懷舊小說談西班牙中部 掀起政治紛擾
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After Autocrat Falls, Kazakhs Hunger for Change 獨裁者垮台後 哈薩克民心思變
文/Valerie Hopkins
譯/莊蕙嘉

獨裁者垮台後 哈薩克民心思變

For three decades, Nursultan Nazarbayev was seemingly everywhere in Kazakhstan, the country he ruled with an autocrat's clenched fist. The capital's airport was named after him, as were the city's best university, a group of elite high schools throughout the country, well-endowed foundations and wide boulevards.

30年來,納札爾巴耶夫以獨裁者鐵腕統治哈薩克,在這國家他似乎無處不在。首都機場以他命名,還有市內最好的大學,全國各地多所菁英高中,資金充裕的基金會和寬闊的大馬路也是。

Nazarbayev designed a futuristic white steel tower in the center of the city, with a gold orb on top. Inside, visitors can place their hands in a giant gold relief of Nazarbayev's own hand, his fingers pointing out the plate-glass windows to his presidential palace in the distance. He stepped down as president in 2019 after 28 years but retained power and influence as the official "Leader of the Nation." His rubber-stamp Parliament renamed the capital city in his honor.

納札爾巴耶夫在首都市中心設計一座具未來感的白色鋼鐵高塔,頂端有顆金色球體。進入內部,訪客可把手放在金色巨型的納札爾巴耶夫手部複製浮雕上,它的手指穿透大面玻璃,遙指總統府。掌權28年後,他於2019年卸下總統職務,但仍以「民族領袖」官銜維持權力與影響力。他的橡皮圖章國會將首都改名向他致敬。

It was an open secret that he was the one still calling the shots.

他依舊是那個大權在握的人,這是公開的祕密。

Now the man who was everywhere and who controlled everything has all but vanished after violent protests last month that spread like wildfire and marked the country's greatest political upheaval since it became independent after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

現在,這個曾經無所不在且控制一切的人,在上月有如野火燎原的暴力示威後幾近消失,這是這個國家在蘇聯解體後成為獨立國家以來,最嚴重的政治動亂。

Political power now rests with Nazarbayev's hand-picked successor, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, who stripped his longtime boss and mentor of his title and his last remaining footholds of power. Except for making a brief video statement, the former leader has receded, the speed of his fall from power almost as stunning as the length of his reign.

政治大權如今落於納札爾巴耶夫指定接班人托卡葉夫之手,他剝奪長年上司兼恩師的頭銜,以及他最後僅存的權力。這位前總統已經失勢,只錄了簡短的影片聲明,他在位時間之長,和他跌落權位的速度,幾乎同樣令人吃驚。

Kazakhstan, a former Soviet republic with a population of 19 million, faces an uncertain future. Nazarbayev had maintained a fragile independence from Vladimir Putin's Russia, but Tokayev was forced to call for Russian-led military support to help quell the violence last month, raising the question of whether he is beholden to the Russian leader for helping to assure his political survival. As Putin squares off against the West in a standoff over Ukraine, the Russian president has made clear his intention to maintain influence over neighboring countries.

曾是蘇聯加盟共和國的哈薩克人口1900萬,正面對不確定的未來。納札爾巴耶夫曾維持遠離俄國普亭的脆弱獨立,但托卡葉夫上月被迫向俄國領頭的軍隊尋求支援,幫助弭平暴動。這引發一個問題,因為受幫助保住政治生命,他是否欠俄國總統一個人情。正當普亭為了烏克蘭和西方國家對峙,擺出戰爭態勢時,這位俄國總統明白表達,想在各個鄰國維持影響力的意圖。

Regardless of who Tokayev brings into his inner circle, Nazarbayev's effective removal from control has emboldened people, said Zhanbolat Mamai, an opposition politician. He cited what he said was a crucial difference between the two men.

反對派政治人物馬邁伊說,姑且不論托卡葉夫將誰納入他的核心圈子,成功移除納札爾巴耶夫的權力使民眾大受鼓舞。他指出,他說的是兩人之間的關鍵差異。

"For 30 years, people were afraid of Mr. Nazarbayev," Mamai said. "No one is afraid of Mr. Tokayev."

「30年來,民眾畏懼納札爾巴耶夫」,馬邁伊說,「沒有人怕托卡葉夫」。

 
How a Nostalgic Novel About Spain's Heartland Joined the Political Fray 懷舊小說談西班牙中部 掀起政治紛擾
文/Raphael Minder
譯/李京倫

懷舊小說談西班牙中部 掀起政治紛擾

In her debut novel, "Feria," Ana Iris Simón begins with a poignant admission: "I'm jealous of the life that my parents had at my age."

西班牙作家安娜.伊莉絲.西蒙在她第一部小說「露天遊樂場」中,以辛酸的承認開頭:「我嫉妒我父母在我這個年紀過的生活。」

"Feria" is based on her childhood in the arid heartland of Spain, with parents who were postal workers and grandparents who were farmers on one side, traveling fairground workers on the other. Little happens, but that is intentional — she wants readers to appreciate her rural upbringing in Castilla-La Mancha, the region made famous by the Miguel de Cervantes classic "Don Quixote."

「露天遊樂場」以她在西班牙乾旱中心地帶的童年為本,她的父母是郵務人員,祖父母一邊當農民,一邊當巡迴露天遊樂場的工作人員。幾乎沒什麼事發生,不過那是故意的,她希望讀者欣賞她在卡斯提亞拉曼查自治區鄉間長大的過程,這個區域因塞萬提斯名著「唐吉訶德」而出名。

Simón, 30, also means, through her portrayal of how her family lived, to express ambivalence about what her generation has gained — university educations, travel, consumer goods — as well as their feelings of anxiety, especially when it comes to jobs and the economy. Simón lost her job as a journalist working for Vice magazine as she was writing "Feria."

30歲的西蒙還想透過描繪她的家庭生活,來表達她這個世代的矛盾心情,他們獲得了大學教育、旅行、消費品,卻有焦慮的感覺,尤其關於就業和經濟。西蒙撰寫「露天遊樂場」時,失去了在Vice雜誌的記者工作。

The book has struck a chord with readers, but it has also become a lightning rod in Spain's emotional political debate, fueled by party fragmentation and polarization. Simón said her book had been interpreted as "a questioning of the dogmas of liberalism," to an extent that she had not anticipated.

這本書獲得讀者共鳴,但也成為西班牙激動的政治爭論焦點,這類爭論在政黨分裂和兩極化下變得更激烈。西蒙說,她的書被解讀為「對自由主義信條的質疑」,到了她未曾料想的程度。

Her parents had a home and were raising a 7-year-old daughter at the age when she was still trying to become a writer, Simón writes. "We, however, have neither a house, nor children, nor a car. Our belongings are an iPhone and an Ikea bookshelf. ... But we convince ourselves that freedom

means avoiding having children, a house and a car because who knows where we will be living tomorrow."

西蒙寫道,她的父母在她仍試圖成為作家的年紀,已經有房子,並撫養一個七歲女兒,「但我們既沒房子,也沒孩子,更沒有車。我們有的是一支iPhone和一個Ikea書架…不過我們說服自己,自由意味不要有孩子、房子和車子,因為誰知道我們明天會住哪裡」。

Initially published in late 2020 by a small Spanish press, Circulo de Tiza, "Feria" has since been reprinted 13 times and sold almost 50,000 hard copies. It was getting distributed last month in Latin America by another publisher, Alfaguara, as well as translated into German.

「露天遊樂場」最初在2020年底由西班牙小型出版社「粉筆圈」出版,從那之後再刷13次,紙本賣了近五萬本。上月在拉丁美洲由另一家出版社Alfaguara發行,還譯為德文。

In the book, Simón describes her grandfather, José Vicente Simón, planting an almond tree on the outskirts of town, simply to tend it and watch it grow. During a visit to the area, the tree was thriving, and José Simón and other characters from the novel were just as she portrayed them.

在這本書中,西蒙提到她的祖父何塞在城郊種植一棵杏仁樹,只是為了照顧它並看它長大。有一次去那裡時,這棵樹正在茁壯,而何塞和小說中其他人物就像她描繪的那樣。

 
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