What an All-Women News Network in India Shows Us About Democracy 印度全女性新聞網 展現民主精神


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讀紐時學英文
2022/04/01 第376期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 What an All-Women News Network in India Shows Us About Democracy 印度全女性新聞網 展現民主精神
The Dinosaur Age May Have Ended in Springtime 恐龍時代可能在春天結束
紐時周報精選
 
What an All-Women News Network in India Shows Us About Democracy 印度全女性新聞網 展現民主精神
文/Farah Stockman
譯/李京倫

印度全女性新聞網 展現民主精神

It started out as a literacy project. Dalit women, formerly known as untouchables, hand-wrote a newsletter about issues that mattered to them: Broken water pumps. Unpaved roads. Known rapists walking free. In 2002, they started a newspaper that covered everything from illegal mining to murders. Perhaps because Dalits make up about 20% of the population of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, some government officials started paying attention. Roads got paved. Toilets got built. Hospitals got stocked with medicines.

這起初是一項識字計畫。前稱賤民的達利特女性手寫一張新聞通訊,報導跟她們有關的議題。抽水機壞了。路沒鋪。大家都知道的性侵犯放出來了。2002年她們辦報,報導從非法採礦到謀殺的每件事。也許因為達利特人占印度北方邦人口約兩成,一些政府官員開始注意。路鋪了。廁所設了。醫院備有藥品了。

"Almost every month, our reporting brings justice to people,"said Kavita Devi, the paper's editor-in-chief.

這家報社總編輯卡維塔.戴維說:「幾乎每個月,我們的報導都為人們帶來公平正義。」

Today the paper, Khabar Lahariya, whose name in Hindi means "news waves," is a digital-first rural news network with its own talk shows and nearly 550,000 subscribers on YouTube.

這家叫Khabar Lahariya的報紙,在北印度語意為「新聞浪潮」,現在是數位優先的農村新聞網,有自己的脫口秀,在YouTube上將近55萬人訂閱。

The publication ran up against the many familiar hurdles that can make newsgathering as difficult as it is essential to the success of democracy. Reporters were intimidated and belittled. It was hard to get taken seriously in a country where media giants often hire high-caste men from big cities who kowtow to the party in office. The powerful don't like pushback. And for a group of women who were viewed as powerless by virtue of their gender and caste, the power of the press was their only option. Democracy, their story shows us, requires not just courage and hard work but also constant vigilance and ingenuity in the face of change.

這個網站遇到許多常見的障礙,使採訪新聞就像成功實現民主一樣,很困難又必要。記者被恫嚇輕視。印度媒體巨頭往往雇用來自大都市的高種姓男性,這些人對執政黨唯命是從,在這種國家,這個網站很難被認真看待。有權有勢者不喜歡反對的聲音。而對於一群因為性別和種姓而被視為沒有權力的女性而言,媒體力量是她們唯一的選擇。她們的故事告訴了我們,民主不只需要勇氣和努力,還需要在面對變化時持續保有警覺和創造力。

In a country where, to this day in rural areas, Dalits are often forbidden to drink from higher-caste wells or eat from the same dishes, Dalits have a history of standing up for democratic norms. A Dalit legal scholar, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, was the main author of India's Constitution, which offers protection to religious minorities and equal citizenship to all.

至今在印度鄉村地區,達利特人常被禁止從高種姓的井中取水,或跟高種姓用同樣的盤子進食,在這樣的國家,達利特人向來捍衛民主規範。印度憲法保護宗教少數群體,給予所有公民平等權利,而最重要的草擬人就是達利特法律學者阿姆倍伽爾。

It is only natural that those who have endured thousands of years of humiliation under the Hindu caste system would be more skeptical of Hindu nationalism. If liberal democracy is going to be saved in India, it will be saved by the Dalits.

在印度教種姓制度下經受數千年羞辱的群體,對印度教民族主義抱持更加懷疑的態度,非常正常。如果自由民主在印度獲救,一定是達利特人所為。

 
The Dinosaur Age May Have Ended in Springtime 恐龍時代可能在春天結束
文/Kenneth Chang
譯/陳韋廷

恐龍時代可能在春天結束

The dinosaur-killing meteor hit in spring.

殺死恐龍的流星是在春天撞擊地球。

That is the conclusion of scientists who examined the bones of fish that died on that day when a 6-mile-wide asteroid collided with Earth.

這是科學家們研究一顆6英里寬小行星撞上地球當天死亡的魚骨,得出的結論。

"These fishes died in spring," said Melanie During, a graduate student at Uppsala University in Sweden and lead author of a paper published in the journal Nature. "The reign of dinosaurs ended in spring."

一篇發表於《自然》期刊論文的主作者、瑞典烏普薩拉大學研究生梅勒妮.杜林說:「這些魚在春天死亡,恐龍的統治在春天結束。」

Scientists have known when the meteor hit — just over 66 million years ago, give or take 11,000 years — and where it hit, off the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. That ended the Cretaceous period of Earth's geological history, but even though three-quarters or more of the species of plants and animals disappeared in the mass extinction that followed, it has been hard to pinpoint fossils of anything directly killed by the meteor.

科學家們已經知道這顆流星撞擊時間,大約在6600萬年前,誤差頂多11,000年,撞擊地點則在墨西哥猶加敦半島。這起事件結束了地球地質史的白堊紀時期,但儘管四分之三或更多動植物物種在隨後的大滅絕中消失,卻很難精確找到被流星直接殺死的化石。

But in 2019, paleontologists published the discovery in southwestern North Dakota of what appeared to be a mass graveyard of creatures that died hours or days after the impact. Although North Dakota was about 2,000 miles from where the meteor hit, the seismic waves of what was the equivalent of an earthquake with a magnitude of 10 or 11 sloshed water out of the lakes and rivers and killed the fish. Tektites — small glass beads propelled into the air by the impact — rained from the skies.

但在2019年,古生物學家公布一項在北達科他州西南部的發現,當地似乎是一個在撞擊幾小時或幾天後的生物集體墓地。雖然北達科他州離隕石撞擊地約2000英里,但相當於規模10或11的地震波,讓湖水和河水濺出,殺死了魚類。被沖擊拋至空中的小玻璃珠狀玻璃隕石從天而降。

The researchers spent years exploring the site, known as Tanis, which is in the fossil-rich Hell Creek formation that stretches across four states.

研究人員花了數年時間探索這個被稱為塔尼斯的遺址,當地位在橫跨4個州、富含化石的地獄溪地層中。

With the new science results, the fossils now provide insight into the cataclysm that was previously impossible to discern.

有了新的科學成果,這些化石如今讓我們了解到以前無法辨識出的大災難資訊。

"It's amazing that we can take an event, a single moment that happened 66 million years ago — literally a rock falling down and in an instant striking the Earth — and we can pinpoint that event to a particular time of the year," said Stephen L. Brusatte, a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh who was not involved in the research. "I think it's a detective story of the highest caliber."

未參與研究的愛丁堡大學古生物學家布魯塞特說:「太棒了,我們可將一個發生在6600萬年前某個時刻的事件,即岩石墜落與瞬間撞擊,確認是在一年中的某個特定時間。我認為這是一部最高水準的偵探小說。」

Animals in the Northern Hemisphere — some emerging from hibernation or giving birth to young — might have been more vulnerable to extinction. "If it was spring, then it was not very likely for many organisms to be in hibernation," During said.

北半球動物有些剛從冬眠中甦醒或剛生下後代,可能更容易滅絕。杜林說:「如果是春天,那麼很多生物不太可能處於冬眠狀態。」

 
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