Wanted in France: Thousands of Workers as Hotels and Restaurants Reopen 法國餐旅業迎解封 喊缺工10萬


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2021/05/21 第333期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 Wanted in France: Thousands of Workers as Hotels and Restaurants Reopen 法國餐旅業迎解封 喊缺工10萬
Germany Sets Out Plans to Return Benin Bronzes 反省殖民史 德將歸還非洲文物
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Wanted in France: Thousands of Workers as Hotels and Restaurants Reopen 法國餐旅業迎解封 喊缺工10萬
文/Liz Alderman
譯/莊蕙嘉、核稿/樂慧生

法國餐旅業迎解封 喊缺工10萬

For six months, Christophe Thiriet has waited for France's grinding national lockdowns to be lifted so he can reopen his company's restaurants and hotels in a picturesque corner of eastern France and recall the 150 employees who were furloughed months ago.

六個月來,克里斯多弗.提希耶一直等待折磨人的法國全國封城解除,好讓公司設在如詩如畫的法國東部的餐廳和飯店能重新開張,並召回數個月前放無薪假的一百五十位員工。

But when he asked them to return for a reopening in mid-May, he faced an unexpected headache: At least 30 said they wouldn't be coming back, leaving him scrambling to hire new workers just as he needed to swing into action.

但是當他要求他們於五月中旬重新開業時復職,卻面臨意料之外的頭痛狀況:至少三十人說他們不會回來,讓他在需要積極展開行動之際急著雇請新員工。

"When you close things for so long, people think twice about whether they want to stay," said Thiriet, a co-manager of the Heintz Group.

「當你關店太久,人們會三思是否要留下。」海因茲集團共同經理人提希耶說。

Restaurants and hotels across the country are facing the same problem. After months on furlough, workers in droves are deciding not to return to jobs in the hospitality industry.

全國各地的餐廳和飯店正面臨相同問題。在數個月的無薪假後,成群的勞工決定不返回在餐旅業的工作。

A shortfall of perhaps as many as 100,000 restaurant and hotel workers is especially troubling, because hundreds of thousands of people are looking for work after France's worst recession in decades. Employers say it is becoming harder to lure job seekers to an industry whose future is more or less tethered to the vagaries of the coronavirus and the uncertainty of vaccine campaigns.

餐廳和飯店工作者的短缺可能多達十萬人,這一點格外令人憂慮,因為在法國經歷數十年來最嚴重的經濟衰退後,此際有數十萬人正在找工作。雇主說,這個產業未來或多或少受制於新冠病毒的變化莫測,以及疫苗推廣的不確定性,要吸引求職者變得更困難。

The missing manpower conundrum has emerged as thousands of hotels and restaurants that survived the crisis pivot toward trying to make up for an 80% plunge in business since last spring. The COVID-19 lockdowns have cost France's tourism industry, a cornerstone of the economy, more than 60 billion euros in lost revenue since last year.

正當數千家飯店餐廳熬過危機存活下來,力圖補回自去年春季以來暴跌百分之八十的業績之際,人力流失的難題卻浮現了。新冠病毒封城已讓作為法國經濟一大基石的旅遊產業付出巨大代價,自去年以來營收損失超過六百億歐元。

"We know we're going to have customers again this summer — that's not the problem," said Yann France, the owner of La Flambée, a restaurant in the popular northern seaside city of Deauville. "The concern is that we won't have an adequate workforce at a time when we need to make up for a huge loss in sales."

「我們知道今年夏天我們會再度有顧客上門,這不是問題。」北方熱點海濱城市多維爾「火焰餐廳」的老闆揚恩.方瑟說,「重點是,當我們需要在銷售上彌補巨大損失的時刻,卻沒有足夠人力。」

Some say the problem may not be so stark, since international visitors aren't yet flocking back to France, and job seekers, including students who need work to help make ends meet, could eventually fill any shortfall.

有些人說這問題也許沒那麼嚴重,因為國際遊客還沒大舉回流到法國,而包括需要打工賺錢的學生在內的求職者,最終會補足所有缺口。

But others say the precariousness of the businesses is the broader question.

不過也有人說,這行業前途不穩靠才是更大的問題。

"The bigger issue is the uncertainty over the industry's future," said Thierry Gregoire, the owner of NT Hotel Gallery group, which owns five hotels and three restaurants around Toulouse. "Will things stay open, or could there be another shutdown because of a new virus?"

「更大的問題是這個產業未來的不確定性。」在土魯斯擁有五間飯店和三間餐廳的NT Hotel Gallery集團老闆泰希.葛黑卦說,「開放狀態能否就此維持,或是又有隨新病毒而來的另一次封城?」

 
Germany Sets Out Plans to Return Benin Bronzes 反省殖民史 德將歸還非洲文物
文/Alex Marshall
譯/陳韋廷、核稿/樂慧生

反省殖民史 德將歸還非洲文物

Germany will begin returning a "substantial" number of the priceless artifacts known as the Benin Bronzes from its museums to Nigeria next year, its culture ministry said earlier this month.

德國文化部日前宣布,德國將於明年開始,把藏於各博物館、「為數可觀」且堪稱無價之寶的貝寧青銅器歸還奈及利亞。

The artifacts, which the British army looted in an 1897 raid on Benin City in what is now Nigeria, are scattered through museums and private collections around the world. Germany's announcement, the first by a national government with a timetable attached, comes as momentum is growing on both sides of the Atlantic to return the stolen objects.

1897年英軍突襲今屬奈及利亞的貝寧城時掠奪了這些文物,目前散落在世界各地博物館與私人收藏家手中。德國做此宣布之際,大西洋兩岸歸還這些被竊取物品的力道正在增強。德國政府是第一個公布歸還時間表的國家政府。

An online meeting of government officials, regional legislators and museum administrators reached an agreement that German institutions —which own hundreds of the bronzes — would step up talks with Nigerian partners and strive to make the first returns next year.

政府官員、地方議員和博物館管理者在線上會議達成協議,擁有數百件青銅器的德國博物館將跟奈及利亞夥伴加速洽談,爭取在明年歸還首批文物。

"We are facing the historical and moral responsibility to bring Germany's colonial past to light and to come to terms with it," Monika Grütters, Germany's culture minister, said in a news release. "Dealing with the Benin Bronzes is a touchstone."

德國文化部長格呂特斯在新聞稿中表示,「我們面對揭露並接受德國殖民史的歷史與道德責任」,「處理貝寧青銅器是個試金石」。

The bronzes (which, despite the name, include items made from ivory, brass and wood) will probably be housed in the planned Edo Museum of West African Art in Benin City, which architect David Adjaye is designing on behalf of the Legacy Restoration Trust, a group that represents Nigeria's government, regional authorities and the royal court of Benin.

這些青銅器(雖名為青銅,卻包括以象牙、黃銅和木材所製器物)很可能會安置在計畫中的貝寧城埃多西非藝術博物館。該館由代表遺產修復信託基金會的建築師大衛·阿賈耶設計。該基金會代表奈及利亞政府、地方當局和貝寧王室。

The trust hopes to open the museum in 2025, although the timeline has already been pushed back several times.Victor Ehikhamenor, a trustee, welcomed the German announcement."If this works, it will create a blueprint for others," he said in a telephone interview.

雖已數次延後,基金會仍然希望博物館能在2025年啟用。基金會受託管理人維多·艾克哈曼諾對德國的宣布表示歡迎。他接受電話訪問時說:「此事若能成功,將為其他人提供一份藍圖。」

Germany will publish an inventory of all the Benin Bronzes in its museums by June 15. Details of those items' provenance, including if they were looted, will be made available by the end of the year. However, Germany hopes some bronzes will remain in the country.

德國將在6月15日之前公布各博物館所有貝寧青銅器的庫存清單。有關物件來源的詳細資訊,包括是否掠奪而來,則於年底公布。不過,德國希望部分物件能留在德國。

Ehikhamenor said he had no problem with items being on display in Germany, as long as their legal ownership was transferred to the museum in Benin City.

艾克哈曼諾說,他對這些物件在德國展出沒有意見,只要合法所有權轉移到貝寧城的博物館。

Germans have long struggled to atone for the country's Nazi past, but in recent years, the public debate has also shifted to examine Germany's role as a colonial power in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. In 2019, Germany's 16 regions, which are responsible for cultural policy, signed an agreement saying they would work toward returning artifacts taken from former colonies.

長期以來德國人一直致力為該國的納粹歷史贖罪,而近年公眾辯論也轉向審視德國在非洲、亞洲與太平洋地區作為殖民大國的角色。 2019年,負責文化政策的德國16邦簽署了一紙協議,宣示將戮力歸還取自前殖民地的文物。

說文解字看新聞

【陳韋廷】

歸還殖民地文物呼聲近年來在全球日漸高漲,德國則首開先河設下返還這些文物的時間表,盼能糾正歷史錯誤。文中用artifact指稱這些歷史文物,此字意為「人工製品、手工藝品」,根本含義是人為,並非天然形成,又relic亦指文物,強調的是從過去遺留下來之物品,但在英文中帶有明顯的宗教含義。此外,常聽到的文化遺產,英文則是cultural heritage。

bronze意指「青銅、青銅製品」,是由copper(銅)和tin(錫)製成的合金,人類歷史的青銅器時代,英文是bronze age。brass則指由銅跟zinc(鋅)組成的「黃銅」,另provenance表示「起源、出處」

此外,末段動詞片語atone for表示「為某事物贖罪、補償」,bring sth to light意指「揭露某事情」,come to term with sth為「面對、接受某事情」之意,step up則指「加速、增強」。

 
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