Troops at Front Offering Tanks For Launchers 拿戰車與砲彈換物資 烏軍前線的地下經濟


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讀紐時學英文
2022/10/14 第404期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 Troops at Front Offering Tanks For Launchers 拿戰車與砲彈換物資 烏軍前線的地下經濟
Former Pentagon Leaders Warn of a Dangerous Era 美軍前領導高層聯名示警軍文關係緊張
紐時周報精選
 
Troops at Front Offering Tanks For Launchers 拿戰車與砲彈換物資 烏軍前線的地下經濟
文/Thomas Gibbons-Neff、Natalia
譯/陳韋廷

拿戰車與砲彈換物資 烏軍前線的地下經濟

The Ukrainian sergeant slid the captured Russian rocket launcher into the center of a small room. He was pleased. The weapon was practically brand-new. It had been built in 2020, and its thermobaric warhead was deadly against troops and armored vehicles.

這名烏克蘭士官讓這具繳獲的俄羅斯火箭發射器滑進一個小房間中央。他很開心。這武器幾乎全新,在2020年製造,它的溫壓彈頭對軍隊跟裝甲車都是致命的。

But the sergeant, nicknamed Zmei, had no plans to fire it at advancing Russian soldiers or at a tank trying to burst through his unit's front line in eastern Ukraine.

但這位綽號「茲梅」的士官,並不打算用它向前進的俄羅斯軍人開火,或向一輛試圖突破他所屬部隊在烏克蘭東部防線的戰車開火。

Instead, he was going to use it as a bargaining chip.

相反地,他打算用它當作討價還價的籌碼。

Within the 93rd Mechanized Brigade, Zmei was not just a lowly sergeant. He was the brigade's point man for a wartime bartering system among Ukrainian forces. Prevalent along the front line, the exchange operates like a kind of shadow economy, soldiers say, in which units acquire weapons or equipment and trade them for supplies they need urgently.

在第93機械化旅,茲梅不只是一名階級低微的士官。他是該旅在烏克蘭軍隊間建立戰時以物易物系統的關鍵人物。軍人說,這種交易在前線普遍存在,就像一種地下經濟,各單位繳獲武器或裝備,然後用它們交換急需的物資。

Most of the bartering involves items captured from Russian troops. Ukrainian soldiers refer to them as "trophies."

大多數以物易物的交換涉及從俄軍繳獲的物品。烏軍稱它們為「戰利品」。

"Usually, the trades are done really fast," Zmei said last week during an interview in Ukraine's mineral-rich Donbas region, where the 93rd is now stationed. "Let's just call it a simplification of bureaucracy."

茲梅上星期在烏克蘭礦產資源豐富的頓巴斯地區受訪時說:「通常交易很快就會完成。我們姑且稱之為官僚主義的簡化吧。」第93旅目前駐紮在當地。

Despite the influx of Western weapons and equipment in recent months, the Ukrainian military still relies heavily on arms and vehicles captured from their better-equipped Russian foe for the matériel needed to wage war; much of Ukraine's aging Soviet-era arsenal is either destroyed, worn down or lacks ammunition.

儘管西方武器和裝備近幾個月大量湧入,但烏克蘭軍方仍極度仰賴從裝備更好的俄羅斯敵人繳獲的武器與車輛,來獲得戰爭所需物資。烏克蘭老舊的蘇聯時代軍備許多已被摧毀、用壞,或是缺乏彈藥。

That has left Ukrainian soldiers scrounging the battlefield for essentials as their own supply lines are strained. And the relatively small numbers of big-ticket foreign weapons, such as the U.S.-made M777 howitzer, are spread thinly on the sprawling 1,500-mile front.

這導致烏軍在戰場上四處尋找軍需品,因為他們的補給線已經吃緊。數量相對較少的高價外國武器,如美國製造的M777榴彈砲,則稀疏分散在綿延1500英里的戰線上。

"We have hopes for Kyiv," said Fedir, one of the brigade's supply sergeants and an understudy of Zmei, referring to military commanders in the capital. "But we rely on ourselves. We aren't trying to just sit and wait like idiots until Kyiv sends us something."

該旅補給士之一、茲梅的替補費德談到首都的軍事指揮官:「我們對基輔抱有希望,但我們要靠自己。我們不會像傻瓜一樣坐等基輔送東西給我們。」

The 93rd currently only possesses old Soviet-era artillery pieces that have worn out barrels and are low on ammunition.

第93旅目前只有蘇聯時代的舊火砲,砲管已經磨損,彈藥也不夠。

"I have to go and buy everything and trade things, and bring it all here,"a 28-year-old Ukrainian soldier who goes by the name of Michael said.

一個名叫麥可的28歲烏軍說:「我必須去買東西,交換東西,然後把東西都帶到這裡。」

"So what's going on is a personal initiative," he said. "You're taking the risk, it's criminal. Nobody will thank you. It's a thankless job."

他說道:「所以,目前情況是個人行動。你在冒險,這是犯罪。沒人會感謝你。這是吃力不討好的工作。」

 

 
Former Pentagon Leaders Warn of a Dangerous Era 美軍前領導高層聯名示警軍文關係緊張
文/Helene Cooper
譯/陳韋廷

美軍前領導高層聯名示警軍文關係緊張

The challenge to a peaceful transfer of power after President Donald Trump lost the 2020 election has worsened "an extremely adverse environment" for the U.S. military, according to an open letter signed by several top generals and former defense secretaries.

根據數名高級將領與前國防部長簽署的一封公開信,美國總統川普2020年大選失利後對和平移交權力的挑戰,加劇了美國軍方面臨的「極其敵對環境」。

The letter does not mention Trump by name. But in 16 points on the principles that are supposed to define civil-military relations, the signatories issued a thinly veiled indictment of Trump and the legions of his followers who called on the military to support his false claim that the election was stolen from him.

信中並未提及川普名字。但信中提出16點界定軍文關係的原則,簽署人形同對川普及他的大批追隨者提出一份幾乎不加掩飾的控訴,他們曾呼籲軍方支持川普有關選舉被偷走的錯誤說法。

"Military officers swear an oath to support and defend the Constitution, not an oath of fealty to an individual or to an office," the bipartisan group wrote, adding later, "It is the responsibility of senior military and civilian leaders to ensure that any order they receive from the president is legal."

這個跨黨派團體寫道,「軍官們宣誓支持和捍衛憲法,而非效忠個人或某一職位」,隨後補充說,「高級軍事和文職領導人,有責任確保他們從總統收到的任何命令都是合法的」。

Two former defense secretaries who served under Trump, Jim Mattis and Mark Esper, were among those who signed the letter, which was published Tuesday on War on the Rocks, an online platform for analysis of national security and foreign affairs issues.

曾在川普政府任職的兩名前國防部長馬提斯和艾思博也在信上署名。這封信周二發表在國家安全和外交事務線上分析平台「戰爭困境」上。

In the six years since Trump entered the White House, the theme of the military's duty to obey only legal orders has come up frequently. Trump's tenure was a turbulent period for the Pentagon in which the president ordered American troops to the southwest border, riled up a crowd that stormed the Capitol and asked the military to deploy against protesters seeking racial justice.

川普入主白宮後的6年來,軍隊的責任是只服從合法命令的主題經常出現。川普的任期對五角大廈來說是個動蕩的時期,這位總統命令美國軍隊前往西南邊境,激化群眾衝進國會大廈,並要求軍方出動對付追求種族正義的抗議者。

Trump also asked his chief of staff, John Kelly, a retired Marine general, why he could not have military leaders who were loyal to him, like the "German generals in World War II," according to "The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017-2021," by Peter Baker and Susan Glasser. (Baker is the chief White House correspondent for The New York Times; Glasser is a staff writer for The New Yorker.)

根據紐約時報首席白宮特派員貝克及紐約客特約撰稿人格拉瑟合著的《分裂者:川普治下的白宮2017-2021》,川普還問自己的幕僚長、陸戰隊退役將領凱利,為什麼他沒有忠心耿耿的軍事領導人,如同「二戰時的德國將領」。

Retired Adm. Mike Mullen, who was chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the George W. Bush and Obama administrations, said today's political discourse was peppered with commentary that showed a lack of understanding of the military's role.

曾在布希和歐巴馬政府擔任美國參謀首長聯席會議主席的穆倫說,現今政治話語充斥著對軍方角色缺乏理解的評論。

The letter "is not pointed at Trump, but when you hear him talk about Hitler's generals, well, that's not who we are," Mullen, one of the signatories, said in an interview.

公開信簽署人之一的穆倫在一場專訪中表示,這封信「不是針對川普,但當你聽到他談論希特勒的將領們時,嗯,我們不是那種人」。

 
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