College Students Flock to a New Major: A.I. 人工智慧成為全美大學生主修新寵

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2026/01/23 第573期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 College Students Flock to a New Major: A.I. 人工智慧成為全美大學生主修新寵 Justices Grapple With Death Penalty Case on Intellectual Disability 最高院激辯：智障死囚可否免死

College Students Flock to a New Major: A.I. 人工智慧成為全美大學生主修新寵 文/Natasha Singer 譯/羅方妤 人工智慧成為全美大學生主修新寵 Artificial intelligence is the hot new college major. 人工智慧正成為大學校園裡最熱門的新興主修。 This semester, more than 3,000 students enrolled in a new college of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity at the University of South Florida in Tampa. 本學期，位於坦帕的南佛羅里達大學，共有超過3000名學生選讀剛成立的人工智慧與資安學院。 At the University of California, San Diego, 150 first-year students signed up for a new AI major. And the State University of New York at Buffalo created a stand-alone "department of A.I. and society," which is offering new interdisciplinary degrees in fields like "A.I. and policy analysis." 在聖地牙哥加州大學，有150名大一新生報名就讀全新的AI主修。紐約州立大學水牛城分校則成立獨立的「人工智慧與社會學系」，並推出跨領域學位，如「AI與政策分析」等。 The fast popularization of products such as ChatGPT, along with skyrocketing valuations of tech giants such as chipmaker Nvidia, is helping to drive the campus AI boom. ChatGPT等產品迅速普及，加上晶片製造商輝達等科技巨頭市值飆升，共同推動校園掀起AI熱潮。 Amazon, Google, Meta and Microsoft have poured billions of dollars into the technology. And this year, Google and Microsoft announced company efforts to train millions of students and adult workers on AI. 大廠如亞馬遜、谷歌、Meta和微軟已在AI科技投入數十億美元。而且在今年，谷歌和微軟宣布，將對數百萬學生和成年員工進行AI方面的培訓。 Now interest in understanding, using and learning how to build AI technologies is soaring, and schools are racing to meet rising student and industry demand. 如今，對AI的理解、應用以及建構能力的需求急速上升，各大學紛紛加快腳步，以因應學生與產業的龐大需求。 Over the past two years, dozens of U.S. universities and colleges have announced new AI departments, majors, minors, courses, interdisciplinary concentrations and other programs. 過去2年，全美已有數十所大學宣布成立AI系所、主修、輔修、課程單元與跨領域學程等新計畫。 In 2022, for instance, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology created a major called "A.I. and decision-making." Students in the program learn to develop AI systems and study how technologies such as robots interact with humans and the environment. This year, nearly 330 students are enrolled in the program — making AI the second-largest major at MIT after computer science. 例如，麻省理工學院 2022年推出「AI與決策」主修。學生在課程中學習開發AI系統，並研究機器人等科技如何與人類及環境互動。今年共有近330名學生選擇為主修，使AI成為MIT僅次於電腦科學的第二大主修科目。 "Students who prefer to work with data to address problems find themselves more drawn to an AI major," said Asu Özdağlar, the deputy dean of academics at the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing. Students interested in applying AI in fields such as biology and health care are also flocking to the new major, she added. 麻省理工蘇世民電腦學院副院長阿蘇．奧茲達格拉表示：「喜歡運用數據解決問題的學生，更容易被AI主修吸引。」她補充道，對於將AI應用到生物學和醫療保健等各種領域感興趣的學生，也湧向這門新的主修科目。 Over the past 15 years, the boom in smartphones and social media, along with industry promises of high-paying tech jobs, helped fuel college enrollments in computing. Nearly 173,000 undergraduates majored in computer science in the spring of 2024, compared with about 65,000 students a decade earlier, according to the Computing Research Association, a nonprofit that gathers data annually from about 200 universities. 過去15年，智慧型手機和社群媒體蓬勃發展，以及業界保障科技類工作擁有高薪，促使電腦專業大專院校入學人數增加。非營利組織電腦研究協會匯集約200所大學的年度數據，並指出，2024年春季有將近17.3萬名大學生主修電腦科學，相較於10年前的6.5萬人大幅增加。 Justices Grapple With Death Penalty Case on Intellectual Disability 最高院激辯：智障死囚可否免死 文/Ann E. Marimow 譯/國際中心 最高院激辯：智障死囚可否免死 The Supreme Court on Wednesday struggled with the question of how states should assess intellectual disabilities to decide which capital defendants are spared the death penalty. 美國聯邦最高法院周三陷入激烈辯論，焦點就是：各州到底該怎麼評估「智能障礙」，才能決定哪些死刑犯可以因此免死？ The justices heard arguments in an Alabama case involving the ways IQ test results are used to evaluate mental capacity. The discussion came two decades after the court barred the execution of people with mental disabilities as a violation of the Constitution's Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment. 大法官審理一起來自阿拉巴馬州的案件，焦點在於如何用智力測驗結果來判定心智能力。這場討論距最高法院以違反憲法第八增修條文「禁止殘忍、不人道的刑罰」為由，禁止處決智能障礙者，已過20年。 That ruling, in Atkins v. Virginia, gave states leeway to determine their own processes for deciding who was intellectually disabled. It led to follow-up cases from Florida and Texas in which the court further limited capital punishment. 當年的「阿特金斯訴維吉尼亞州」案裁決，賦予各州一定自主權，制定智能障礙的判定程序。之後佛羅里達州與德州又延伸出後續案件，促使最高法院進一步限制死刑適用。 The issue in the Alabama case the justices heard Wednesday is how states and lower courts should resolve cases in which defendants have taken IQ tests multiple times and received varying results, as well as the extent to which they must consider a broader evaluation of evidence in deciding if a person is disabled. 大法官這次審理的阿拉巴馬州案，爭議在於：當被告多次接受智力測驗且分數不一時，各州與下級法院應如何裁量；及判定一個人是否有智能障礙時，法院是否必須納入更廣泛的證據評估。 The case deals with Joseph Clifton Smith, who was sentenced to death after being convicted of murdering a man he planned to rob in 1997. In the years before and after the murder, Smith took five IQ tests with scores ranging from 72 to 78. The key part of Alabama's law on mental disability turns on whether defendants score 70 or lower on the test. But a lower court found Smith was intellectually disabled, in part because the tests have a margin of error. 案件主角是1997年搶劫殺人而被判死刑的史密斯。犯案前後，他共接受五次智力測驗，結果介於72到78分之間。阿拉巴馬州法律以智商70作為判定智能障礙的重要門檻，但下級法院以智力測驗有誤差範圍為由，認定史密斯有智能障礙。 The outcome will likely determine whether Smith is executed or spends the rest of his life on death row. It also has implications for how courts apply the death penalty in other states. 最終裁定將決定史密斯被處決或關到死。此案也將影響其他州在死刑案件中如何適用相關標準。 During a lively argument Wednesday, a majority of justices suggested that Alabama's data-driven approach could be too rigid, in part because it would not allow lower courts to account for other evidence of a person's disability. 周三的辯論氣氛非常火熱，多數大法官指出，阿拉巴馬「只看數字」的做法可能太死板，因為它不讓下級法院把其他證據納入考量，來判斷一個人到底有沒有智能障礙。 Alabama's attorney, Robert M. Overing, suggested that under that approach, the highest score could be given more weight. A test, he said, could underestimate IQ if, for instance, a defendant is tired or sick. 阿拉巴馬州政府檢察官歐弗林表示，可以用最高分當標準，因為被告要是那天剛好累壞了或身體不舒服，測得的智商分數可能會偏低。 All three liberal justices said that the court's past decisions meant that defendants had to have an opportunity to present a full picture of their intellectual functioning beyond just test scores.() 三位自由派大法官強調，最高法院過往的裁定已經表明，被告有權提出完整的智能評估證據，不能只靠智力測驗分數一刀切。

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